Turkey (Türkiye) is located on the Mediterranean, in the Anatolian region of West Asia, with a small section in Mediterranean Europe separated by the Turkish Straits (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles).

Regions of Turkey

Aegean Turkey (Ege Bölgesi)
Black Sea Turkey (Karadeniz Bölgesi)
Central Anatolia (İç Anadolu Bölgesi)
Eastern Anatolia (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi)
Marmara (Region) (Marmara Bölgesi)
Mediterranean (Region) (Akdeniz Bölgesi)
South-eastern Anatolia (Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi)

Major Cities

Ankara - the capital of Turkey and its second largest city.
Antalya - the fastest growing city, hub to an array of beach resorts.
Bursa - the first capital of the Ottoman Empire on the foothills of Mt. Uludag, a national park and a winter sports resort.
Edirne - the second capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Istanbul - Turkey's largest city, the former capital of both the Ottoman and Byzantine Empires, and the only city in the world to straddle two continents.
Izmir - Turkey's third largest city.
Konya- a Central Anatolian city, former home to Rumi, and the site of his tomb.
Sinop - an ancient fortress and port city on the northernmost tip of Anatolia.
Trabzon - the wonderful Sumela Monastery is just outside the city and it is a great gateway to exploring the Turkish Northeast.

Other Popular Regions

Bergama - located near the ruins of the ancient city of Pergamon.
Bozcaada - a small and attractive island just opposite ancient Troy.
Bodrum - nice and trendy Aegean resort in Muğla.
Beypazarı - old town with Ottoman architecture on the silk road in Ankara.
Datça - unspoilt local resort at the tip of the Datça peninsula, Knidos nearby forms the boundary between Mediterranean and Aegean.
Göreme - fairy chimneys near Avanos, Niğde.
Hasankeyf - old town in Şanlıurfa.
Marmaris - a little touristy, but nice resort in Muğla.
Olympos - tourist attraction for young people, full of wooden tree-houses and rich night life.
Safranbolu - old town with Ottoman architecture.
Selcuk - tourist town near the ancient city of Ephesus.

Quick Facts

Official Name: The Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti)
Founder: Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK (1881-1938)
Capital: Ankara

Population:       70.5 million (as of 2007)
Language:         Turkish (uses Latin Alphabet)
Currency:         New Turkish Lira (YTL) as of 01/01/2005
1YTL = 1,000,000 TL (Turkish Lira)
Location:          Eastern Mediterranean. Located on two contitents Europe and Asia. The European part of Turkey is called Thrace, while the Asian part is called Anatolia or Asia Minor.
Area:    814 578 Km2 (314 500 square miles)
% 3   on the European continent
% 97 on the Asian continent

Religion:           99 percent of the population is Muslim. Turkey is a secular state that assures complete freedom of worship to non-Muslims.
             

Major Cities:
            Istanbul 10.0 million
            Ankara 4.0 million
            Izmir 3.3 million
            Konya 2.2 million
            Bursa 2.1 million
            Adana 1.8 milli

National Anthem: Istiklal Marsi
Lyrics by: Mehmet Akif Ersoy 
                  Adopted as Turkey’s National Anthem on March 12, 1921

Government:    

Turkey is democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law; committed to the nationalism of Ataturk and based on the principle of the separation of powers:
Legislative Power: The Turkish Grand National Assembly
Executive Power: President and the Council of Ministers.
udicial Power: Independent courts and supreme judiciary organs.
             
Coastline:        

8333 Km. (5000 miles)
Turkey is surrounded by sea on three sides, by the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean in the south and the Aegean Sea in the west. In the northwest there is also an important internal sea, the Sea of Marmara, between the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus.
 
Geographical Regions:
Turkey has 80 administrative provinces and seven geographical regions. The first four of the seven regions are given the names of the seas which are adjacent to them.        

Black Sea Region
Marmara Region
Aegean Region
Mediterranean Region

The other three regions are named in accordance with their location in the whole of Anatolia.         

Central Anatolia Region
Eastern Anatolia Region
Southeastern Anatolia Region
 
Famous Landmarks:
Ayasofya Museum, Topkapi Palace, Blue Mosque, Dolmabahce Palace, ancient City of Troy, Ephesus, Aphrodisias, Pergamon, Pamukkale, Goreme-Cappadocia, Mt.Nemrut, Safranbolu.
                         
Other Useful Information            
Time:    Local time is equal to GMT + 2 hours. Same time zone all over the country (seven hours ahead of U.S. eastern standard time).
Electricity:  220 volts a.c. throughout Turkey            

Weights and Measures: Metric and Kilo system

Source: (Part from Wikitravel)